✨ Transforms Filters: Autocluster

Often we have more labels that we really want. People like simple maps with 3-10 factors. 30 is about the maximum number you can possibly squeeze onto a map, and if you do you’ll not want more than 30 or 40 links.

BUT for overview summaries we want to provide maps with a high link coverage, close to 100%, meaning that nearly all the original links are actually included in the current map. Otherwise we are just showing a small selection of what people actually said.

One way to do this is with zooming. It’s a way to reduce the number of factors while retaining the link coverage (because we don’t throw away links, we only reroute them to higher level factors).

BUT zooming requires hierarchical factor labelling.

Disadvantages:

It is a lot of work

It means taking a lot of decisions about what hierarchy best fits the data

It doesn’t help where our coding (manual or auto) has produced parent factors with similar meaning eg Improved Health and Better Health.

It doesn’t help where our coding (manual or auto) has produced other factors which might fit into the hierarchy but aren’t labelled as such eg Mental health; more optimistic might fit well under Improved Health.

Solution

The idea of autoclustering is to take all the factor labels and group them into clusters with similar meaning.

Use the slider to choose a “granularity” level between 0 and 100. Usually only values between 40 and 70 are interesting.

A more permissive value like 45 means that smaller clusters are joined together into a smaller number of larger clusters. Lower values mean fewer factors without losing link coverage, which is good, but there is a danger of clustering dissimilar things together, which is bad.
A very strict value like 65 means that only very similar labels are clustered together into quite a large number of small clusters.
The best granularity level depends a bit on the number of factors, so with a smaller file you might get good results at around 50, and with a larger file around 60.

Clustering method

You can now choose the clustering method. Previously we had been using “complete” but we now support (and suggest as default) the “average” method. We found that “complete” is more likely to produce confusingly similar clusters like “Economic factors” and “Economic issues”, whereas “average” produces larger clusters, which is good because far more of the data (the original causal links) are included.

The items in the dropdown refer to the means of calculating the distance between clusters in order to join them, except for kmeans which refers to a completely different clustering method. Kmeans is very quick but does not usually produce good results.

Labelling

Usually you will keep the Labels control set to new.

Labels = `new`

As well as clustering the factors, the app then also tries to choose a good label for them. It chooses the label of one of the factors in each cluster as a label for the whole cluster, picking one which is both typical in meaning but also short. Overall:

The app usually does a good job of clustering the factors, as long as you are careful not to be too permissive; or if you do set a permissive granularity value, be careful how you interpret the results.

The app does not do a very good job of finding a suitable label for each cluster without zooming, however the top-level parts of the labels are usually good.

You can check what factors are included in each cluster by clicking as usual on a factor in the map. You will see that there is now a button called Recode and underneath it, an editable label automatically chosen for the cluster, and a list of the factors included in the cluster.

The number N shows the number of factors in the cluster.

The clusters are listed in order of descending N.

Here are some bad things to look out for. If you see more than a few of them, increase the granularity.

Things with positive and negative valence in the same cluster
Increases and decreases of the same thing in the same cluster
The app has focused on the second level more than the first level, so for example it puts things like Improved health; children, More problems; children, Need for education; children in the same cluster.

You can autocluster at any point in the transform chain, so for example it is also possible to zoom to level 1 first and then autocluster just the top-level labels.

AI labels for clusters

You can also create automatic labels with the magic-wand 🪄 button.

This produces labels which mostly have additional keywords, these are in ((double brackets)) so you can distinguish them from the ordinary auto labels which use single brackets.

Saving your label sets

It is not possible to reassign factors between clusters, and you probably won’t want to. But for publication and presentation purposes, you may well want to provide nicer labels than those auto generated by the app.

If you want to make changes to the labels, you can save them in a label set.

The label sets are saved to the server but are separate from the file. So they are not, for example, restored if you restore an earlier version of the file.

Label sets should get applied correctly if you save a view of your file, using a particular label set, in

📚 The Library.

Each label set has a unique number.

You can create and edit label sets either from the factor modal which you see either when clicking on a factor or by clicking Manage button in the transforms widget:

As soon as you press the Save icon in either dialog:

if Label sets is set to new , you create a new label set - even if you have only changed one thing.

if Label sets is set to a number, you are editing an existing label set.

From the Manage dialog, you can even save your changes to a different label set:

so for example if you were editing set 13, and select new , and press the Save icon, you will create a new label set containing your changes.

For each file you can have as many “relabel sets” as you want.

If you select an existing label set, then the set with the number you selected becomes active, and the factors will be grouped into clusters specified in your selected label set and given the label specified in that label set. The granularity slider is then ignored.

Autocluster Summary Motivation Solution Clustering method Labelling Labels = new AI labels for clusters Saving your label sets