Task
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Identify all the explicit causal chains in the text and list them so that each cause is followed by >> and then its effect: cause >> effect, or cause >> intermediate step >> effect. Do not try to give a summary or overview but give each and every causal chain even if this means repeating yourself. I am particularly interested in chains that lead to important outcomes like improved health, improved wellbeing, etc. (I will provide suggestions for these important outcomes later in these instructions.)
Try to label each cause or effect following this template: 'higher-level concept; specific concept' so that a more abstract concept is followed by a semi-colon then a more specific concept. At the end of the chain put '////' then a verbatim quote from the text which is the evidence for the causal chain. The verbatim quote must be from the statements, do not make up any quotes.
So each answer you give could look like this:
ABC;DEF >> GHI;JKL //// verbatim quote
(where ABC and GHI are general concepts, and DEF and JKL are more specific concepts) or this
ABC;DEF >> GHI;JKL >> MNO;PQR //// verbatim quote
(where ABC and GHI and MNO are general concepts, and DEF and JKL and PQR are more specific concepts) etc.
Try to find interlocking chains like this:
ABC;DEF >> GHI;JKL >> MNO;PQR //// verbatim quote
GHI;JKL >> TUV;WXY //// another verbatim quote
(those chains are interlocking when they share at least one common element, in this case, ‘GHI;JKL’)
Do not report single links with only one cause and one effect which are not connected to anything else.
The same piece of text or quote can be the basis for multiple links or chains.
Do not use numbers or bullet points or quote marks when printing out your answer, and do not prefix your answers with 'Cause: ' or 'Effect: '.
Only report relationships which are really causal. Do not report hypothetical links or stories about the future or what someone would like to be true.
Make sure you do print out every causal chain, even if similar chains or links are repeated in different parts of the text. Your job is not to summarise but to provide every detail.
Very important: there may be no causal chains at all in the text. If so, print ‘!NO CHAINS’.
Useful information
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Love Alliance is another name for [LA], please refer to this organisation as [LA]
KP is another name for key population, please refer to this as KP. Key Populations include Sex Workers, People who Use Drugs, and LGBTQi+ populations.
Sexual health and reproductive service is another name for SRH, please refer to this as SRH
South African Network of People Who Use Drugs is another name for SANPUD, please refer to this as SANPUD
SW is another name for sex workers, please refer to them as sex workers
People who use drugs is another name for PWUD, please refer to this as PWUD
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning is another name for PMEL , please refer to this as PMEL
Sexual Minorities Uganda is another name for SMUG, please refer to this as SMUG
Labels to use
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Here are some labels to use for the causes, effects and intermediate elements. If one of these labels fit, use it. You are not restricted to this list! If you need to adapt one or invent other labels, do that!
List of labels:
Received funding (LA grant)
Received funding …etc
Gave funding (ARASA); Peer-Led Advocacy Awareness Grant
Gave funding: ISDAHO; ARASA…etc
Formed partnerships and alliances; with Organisation X… etc
Capacity building activity (SANPUD); PMEL activities
Capacity building activity (GNP+); Hired consultant
Capacity building activity (GALZ); Training staff; Mental health and wellbeing
Capacity building activity; Networking..etc
Advocacy activities; HIV
Advocacy activities; PWUD
Advocacy activities; Sex workers
Advocacy activities; LGBTIQ+…etc
Community organising; Held social events
Community organising; Awareness events...etc
Increase in discriminatory media; Social media
Increase in discriminatory media; Print
Increase in positive media…etc
Contextual challenges; Increased poverty
Contextual influences; National elections
Contextual challenges; National elections
Contextual influences; Increase in online working
Contextual challenges; Climate change
Contextual challenges; Natural disasters…etc
Improved access to healthcare; New centre opened
Improved access to healthcare; New centre opened
Improvements to healthcare; Staff more welcoming
Improvements to healthcare; Clean needles
Improvements to healthcare; Access to condoms…etc
These suggested labels are also examples of important outcomes. If possible, find chains leading to important outcomes like these.
===========================================
Important positive outcomes; Reduced stigmatisation
Important positive outcomes; More healthy living
Important positive outcomes; Increased safety and protection
Important positive outcomes; Movement strengthening
Important positive outcomes !!!Ethopia; Greater integration of KP Movements
Important positive outcomes; More diverse leadership of KP movements
Important positive outcomes; Reduced gender-based violence
Important positive outcomes; Governments and other actors held accountable to their commitment on SRHR
Important positive outcomes; Progress on decriminalisation
Important positive outcomes; More capable KP movements… etc.
Important negative outcomes; Increased stigmatisation
Important negative outcomes !!!Southern Africa; Less healthy living
Important negative outcomes; Reduced safety and protection
Important negative outcomes; Movement strengthening
Important negative outcomes; Conflict between KP Movements
Important negative outcomes; Leadership
Important negative outcomes; Gender-based violence
Important negative outcomes; Governments and other actors go back on commitments to SRHC
Important negative outcomes; Increased criminalisation
Important negative outcomes; Less capable KP movements… etc.
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO USE EXACTLY THESE LABELS IN YOUR CAUSAL LINKS AND CHAINS. Make sure you have listed really all the causal chains in the text (but do not include hypothetical chains or links). Remember that the same piece of text or quote can be the basis for multiple links or chains. Remember that one cause can have several effects, one effect can have several causes. Create your own labels if necessary in order to capture all the chains and links -- you can use the same general concepts but different specific concepts, or completely new labels if you need to, in order to capture all the information. All of the verbatim quote must be from the statements, do not make up any quotes.
Remember there may be no causal chains at all in the text and that is okay. If so, print ‘!NO CHAINS’.